Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Combining photodynamic therapy and cascade chemotherapy for enhanced tumor cytotoxicity: the role of CTT 2 P@B nanoparticles

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1361966

Figure Lengend Snippet: ROS generation detection in vitro . (A) The release of singlet oxygen from each drug was detected in vitro under dark conditions. Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3). (B) Detection of singlet oxygen release of each drug under 660 nm laser irradiation at a power density of 280 mW cm -2 was performed in vitro . Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3). (C) ROS generation was observed in 4T1 cells treated with each medication while being exposed to laser irradiation at a wavelength of 660 nm and intensity of 280 mW cm −2 . Bright: Bright field. DCF: Green fluorescence represents intracellular ROS. Merge: Superimpose the image. Scale Bar = 100 μm.

Article Snippet: The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) were procured from Icell Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, Irradiation, Fluorescence

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Combining photodynamic therapy and cascade chemotherapy for enhanced tumor cytotoxicity: the role of CTT 2 P@B nanoparticles

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1361966

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of mitochondrial targeting function. (A) Confocal images of the mitochondrial sites of TPPOH 2 , CTT 2 , CTT 2 P, and CTT 2 P@B NPs in 4T1 cells. Mito-Tracker Green was used to stain the mitochondria in the green channel. The red channel was derived from the emission of the photosensitizer fraction (PS) itself. Merge stands for superimposed image. The Green and red curves in the Plot Profile represent the gray value of Mito-Tracker Green and PS, respectively. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Flow cytometry JC-1 method was used to analyze the mitochondrial function of cells treated with different drugs. Red fluorescence: normal mitochondria (J-aggregate); Green fluorescence: depolarized mitochondria (J-monomer).

Article Snippet: The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) were procured from Icell Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Staining, Derivative Assay, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Combining photodynamic therapy and cascade chemotherapy for enhanced tumor cytotoxicity: the role of CTT 2 P@B nanoparticles

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1361966

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of cell death in vitro through cytotoxicity assessment and examination of apoptosis and necrosis. (A) The in vitro cytotoxicity of 4T1 cells treated with CPT, TPPOH 2 , CTT 2 , CTT 2 P, and CTT 2 P@B NPs in the dark was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 5). ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. (B) The in vitro cytotoxicity of 4T1 cells treated with TPPOH 2 , CTT 2 , CTT 2 P and CTT 2 P@B NPs under laser irradiation (660 nm, 280 mW cm −2 ) was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 5). ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. (C) Cell apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed using flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining following treatment with various drugs at a concentration of 5 μM.

Article Snippet: The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) were procured from Icell Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, CCK-8 Assay, Irradiation, Flow Cytometry, Double Staining, Concentration Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Combining photodynamic therapy and cascade chemotherapy for enhanced tumor cytotoxicity: the role of CTT 2 P@B nanoparticles

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1361966

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biodistribution in vivo . (A) Blood compatibility test of CPT, TPPOH 2 , CTT 2 , CTT 2 P, CTT 2 P@B NPs. Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3). *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. (B) Time-lapse live fluorescence imaging of mice with 4T1 tumors following the administration of free CTT 2 P and CTT 2 P@B NPs via intravenous injection. (C) Fluorescent images of major organs and tumors were obtained 24 h after injection, using ex vivo methods. (D) The mean fluorescence intensity of each organ and tumor was used to determine the biodistribution of free CTT 2 P and CTT 2 P@B NPs in mice. Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 3). * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) were procured from Icell Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: In Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Injection, Ex Vivo

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Combining photodynamic therapy and cascade chemotherapy for enhanced tumor cytotoxicity: the role of CTT 2 P@B nanoparticles

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1361966

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo anti-tumor study of each drug in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. (A) Tumor images of different drug administration treatments after the antitumor study. (B) During the administration, the growth of tumors in mice was observed in each group receiving treatment. Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 5), ** p < 0.01. (C) The weight of mice in each treatment group was monitored throughout the administration period. Data were presented as the mean ± SD ( n = 5).

Article Snippet: The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) were procured from Icell Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: In Vivo

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Combining photodynamic therapy and cascade chemotherapy for enhanced tumor cytotoxicity: the role of CTT 2 P@B nanoparticles

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1361966

Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of the effects of each medication on mice with 4T1 tumors through pathological examination. (A) After administering various medications, the major organs (including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) were subjected to H&E staining. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) After administering various medications, tumors were subjected to H&E staining and TUNEL staining. Scale bar = 50 μm.

Article Snippet: The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) were procured from Icell Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: Medications, Staining, TUNEL Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Interaction between Chromodomain Y-like Protein and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Sertoli Cells Accounts for Spermatogenesis

doi: 10.3390/cells13100851

Figure Lengend Snippet: AR is colocalized and interacts with CDYL in male testes and Sertoli cells. ( A ) Immunohistochemical staining of AR and CDYL in testes obtained from wild-type and ARKO mice. Bar = 50 um. ( B ) Localization of AR and CDYL (upper) and co-localization of AR, CDYL, and DAPI (bottom) in the testes obtained from wild-type mice by immunofluorescence analysis. Bar = 20 μm. ( C ) Interaction was observed between AR and CDYL in wild-type mouse testes. IgG was used as the control for Western blotting in each group. “Input” means the sample on 10% of volume used for IP. ( D ) Protein expression patterns of AR and CDYL in wild-type mouse testes and ARKO mice by Western blotting. GAPDH was used as the internal control. ( E ) AR and CDYL mRNA expressions were detected in testicular tissues between wild-type and ARKO mice by quantitative RT–PCR assay. ( n ≥ 3) * p ˂ 0.05, by unpaired two-tailed Student t tests was significant compared with the control. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of three samples per group. S: Sertoli cell; L: Leydig cell; M: myoid cell; SP: spermatids.

Article Snippet: The TM4 mouse Sertoli cell line (BCRC-60254) was procured from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Control, Western Blot, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Interaction between Chromodomain Y-like Protein and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Sertoli Cells Accounts for Spermatogenesis

doi: 10.3390/cells13100851

Figure Lengend Snippet: AR and CDYL regulate downstream AR-targeted genes. ChIP and luciferase assays demonstrate the CDYL ( A ) or TNP1 ( B ) genes in the presence of AR binding sequences. Schematic of a putative binding site for the transcription factor, androgen-responsive elements (ARE) sequences on the CDYL or TNP1 promoter. Promoter occupancy of AR on CDYL or TNP1 promoter by ChIP. CDYL or TNP1 upstream regions starting at position −3000 were introduced into the pGL3-Basic plasmid before the luciferase reporter gene. The siRNA-mediated knockdown ( C ) or overexpression ( D ) of AR or CDYL substantially changed the CDYL or TNP1 promoter activity in TM4 cells through dual-luciferase assays. * p ˂ 0.05 for one-way ANOVA was significant compared with the control. ( n ≥ 3) in each group, and error bars represent ± SD.

Article Snippet: The TM4 mouse Sertoli cell line (BCRC-60254) was procured from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Techniques: Luciferase, Binding Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Knockdown, Over Expression, Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Interaction between Chromodomain Y-like Protein and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Sertoli Cells Accounts for Spermatogenesis

doi: 10.3390/cells13100851

Figure Lengend Snippet: mRNA expression of AR , CDYL , and TNP1 association by CDYL rescue in Sertoli cells. mRNA expression of AR , CDYL , and TNP1 association among control, AR siRNA-treated, and CDYL siRNA-treated groups in TM4 cells by non-treat and CDYL rescue. mRNA expression of AR ( A , B ), CDYL ( C , D ), or TNP1 ( E , F ) were detected after being transiently transfected with control, AR , or CDYL siRNA-treated ( A , C , E ). Moreover, these three groups were treated with 200 ng CDYL recombinant protein ( B , D , F ) for 24 h in TM4 cells. * p ˂ 0.05 for one-way ANOVA was significant compared with the control. ( n ≥ 3) in each group, and error bars represent ± SD.

Article Snippet: The TM4 mouse Sertoli cell line (BCRC-60254) was procured from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Transfection, Recombinant

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Interaction between Chromodomain Y-like Protein and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Sertoli Cells Accounts for Spermatogenesis

doi: 10.3390/cells13100851

Figure Lengend Snippet: Decreased expression of CDYL in the human testes from patients with azoospermia . Immunohistochemistry indicated the expression of AR and CDYL protein in testicular histology from obstructive azoospermia (active spermatogenesis) and non-obstructive azoospermia (defective spermatogenesis), including Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) and maturation arrest (halted at the primary spermatocyte stage). Bar = 50 μm. The AR and CDYL signals in patients with normal group ( A , D ), Sertoli cell-only syndrome ( B , E ), and maturation arrest ( C , F ) ( n = 1 patient in every group). S: Sertoli cell; L: Leydig cell; M: myoid cell; SP: spermatids.

Article Snippet: The TM4 mouse Sertoli cell line (BCRC-60254) was procured from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC) in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry